Frederick of Germany calls for the professionalization of medicine.
Date: 1240
He says that to practice medicine, a physician must study for five years at a reputable school, take a specific series of courses, and undergo a year of apprenticeship. The marks one of the first moves toward the "professionalization" of medicine in Europe. At the same time, Pope John XXII issues more religious rulings, prohibiting the practice of medicine by “illiterates,” “herbal healers” and “old women.”