The act broadens police powers and establishes a federal list of prohibited drugs, including all opioids (morphine and heroin, as well as opium) for non-medical use, and some coca products.

Cocaine is disproportionately associated with Black communities and opiates with Chinese-Americans.

In addition to regulating opioids, cocaine, etc., the act also allows for prescribers to have "maintenance clinics," where they prescribe opium and cocaine because they view addiction as a treatable medical condition.