The Real ID is created to institutionalize citizenship and identity tracking within basic identity cards, including drivers' licenses. The rationale stated by those fighting for the act includes increased efficiency for construction workers who are working on roads and utilities alongside borders, and increased waivers for asylum seekers.

However, opponents to the Real ID raise concern about threats to privacy, as multiple types of private information that were previously held separately become accessible through a single ID. Furthermore, concerns have been raised by civil rights groups over the potential future uses of the Real ID, as all of a person's activities become trackable every time they use their ID to enter buildings, hospitals, or any secured location.