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With new waves of immigration, new hierarchies of ethnicity within whiteness emerge.

1850s

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At the top of the hierarchy are the Anglo-Saxons/British. Just below this are the Irish, close to White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) communities at the top but always in subservience to them. Next come those called the "Nordics," which include Germans and Scandinavians, who are seen as cultural cousins to the Anglo-Saxons. This system of ethnic sorting begins to solidify as Slavs, Jews, and southern Italians, who are seen as the most inferior Europeans, begin to arrive in large numbers.