World War II resulted in 50 million to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. The war radically transformed the political alignments and social structures of the world. The United Nations (UN) is established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The nations perceived as the war's victors—China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States—are named as the permanent members of the UN Security Council.