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Author of A Medical Dictionary writes that African and Indigenous people have no medical knowledge.

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Robert James' dictionary is the primary guide used by physicians for over 150 years. James writes that all humans have instincts toward healing and remedies, but African and Indigenous discovery is absent of rational thought and relies solely on instinct. This focus on instinct, as opposed to a positivist approach to health and healing, is meant to highlight its inferiority.

Despite admitting that "the most important Remedies have been discovered by 'Savages,'" James credits this to God's benevolence rather than the competence of African and Native people.