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Investigations in the Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers published.

1869

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Benjamin Apthorp Gould studies the differences between enslaved Black people and white Union soldiers. His race-based conclusions do not account for adjustments based on height; age; or working conditions, such as exposure to environmental pollutants. Gould's theories, when married with Samuel Morton's theory of cranial capacity and social Darwinism, will support pseudoscientific arguments for a hierarchy of racial difference.